Fedora, maybe?
Edit to make my point:
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It is free and open-source.
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Fedora has a rather fast release cycle. It offers new versions roughly every 6 months, along with regular package updates.
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Has been using Wayland by default since Fedora 25, so it aligns with your preference to avoid X11.
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Allows you to set up full-disk encryption.
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Doesn’t freeze its regular releases for more than a year.
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Supports a wide variety of hardware and aims to offer the latest kernel and drivers.
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It is a large project.
This is going to be unpopular, but you can easily compile both Python and R and configure them to your liking. For Python you can even use Anaconda3 and forget about installing most packages by yourself.
As for Julia, I usually just install the precompiled binary package.
So, any distribution you feel comfortable with will do.